澳大利亚墨尔本WHO流感中心对南极洲企鹅的禽流感监测

2013年,澳大利亚墨尔本世界卫生组织流感参考和研究合作中心对南极企鹅开展了禽流感病毒监测。在270份企鹅血样中,检出34份禽流感抗体阳性,抗体阳性率为16%;对301份咽喉?泄殖腔拭子进行禽流感病原学检测,检出8份阳性,病原阳性率为2.5%,并成功分离到4株H11N2禽流感病毒。企鹅携带禽流感病毒这一事实,引发了全球共同抗击全球化动物疫情的思考。     

2015年山东省某鸭场腺病毒病的暴发调查

2015年11月30日,山东省西北地区某鸭场报告其饲养的17 600只鸭子在1个多月内陆续发生不明原因的大规模死亡。经初步调查发现,鸭在死亡之前没有明显的临床症状,大多仅表现精神萎靡,多次用药后均无明显效果。截至调查时,已累计死亡约3 600只。为详细了解该鸭场的发病情况,分析该病的风险因素,以便及时提出防控建议,通过现场调查和实验室检测相结合的方式,开展了本次疫情暴发调查。调查结果显示,该鸭场暴发了腺病毒病;起因是鸭苗在引进前已感染了腺病毒,引入后又遇雨雪天气,气温骤降,同时场内饲养管理不合理,卫生条件差,防控措施不当,导致多种细菌继发感染,从而加剧了疫情。针对鸭场存在的病原,对症用药,对可能的相关风险因素进行了控制,随后疫情得到了有效控制。     

规模牛场产气荚膜梭菌耐药性及其ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分型

[目的 ]了解不同规模牛场分离的产气荚膜梭菌耐药性及其耐药基因分型,为临床治疗和感染控制提供依据。[方法 ]收集2014—2016年来自不同规模牛场分离的产气荚膜梭菌25株,采用K-B法检测其对9种常用抗生素的敏感性;应用基因间重复序列聚合酶链反应(ERIC-PCR),对菌株进行DNA分型及同源性分析。[结果]分离到25株产气荚膜梭菌;在耐药检测的9种药物中,耐药率超过50%的有4种,其中对庆大霉素耐药率最高(92%),其次是对青霉素(84%),而对氨苄青霉素耐药率最低(4%),对其余药物的耐药率在12%~52%之间;ERIC-PCR谱型表现为9个基因型(Ⅰ~Ⅸ),其中大部分来源于不同的克隆株,且有2个克隆株的相似度为100%。[结论 ]奶牛场的产气荚膜梭菌多重耐药现象比较严重,分子多样性复杂;产气荚膜梭菌来源广泛,不同地区、环境和条件下,同一种病原菌的基因型存在一定差异,可能存在多个基因型。     

湖北省武汉市某门诊犬细小病毒病病例统计分析

[目的]了解武汉市犬细小病毒病(CPD)的流行情况和特点。[方法]以华中农业大学动物医院门诊为依托,应用胶体金试纸条和PCR检测技术,对2015年9月至2016年9月的犬门诊病例进行调查分析。[结果]共检测门诊犬病例2 728例,检出CPD阳性121例,阳性检出率为4.4%。从时间分布看,该期间大部分月份的阳性检出率在3%~5%之间,2015年10月的最高,2016年6—9月的最低。从群间分布看,阿拉斯加、边牧、哈士奇、比熊、萨摩耶、博美、巴哥等犬种的CPD阳性数量均占该品种就诊犬总数量的10%以上,而拉布拉多、雪纳瑞、德牧、贵宾、金毛犬则在5%以上;雄性犬的CPD阳性检出率明显高于雌性;在阳性病例中,2~4月龄幼犬的占比最高,在40%~60%之间;未免疫或未按规定免疫犬的CPD阳性数量与总阳性数量的占比高达86.7%,而按规定免疫犬仅为13.3%。[结论]CPD的发生与犬的品种、年龄、性别、免疫状况和气候等因素存在一定的关系,尤其是其年龄和免疫状况。本研究有助于了解该病的流行特点,并可为该病的防治提供参考。     

进口SPF鼠调整隔离期检疫风险分析

[目的]探讨缩短隔离期的可行性,以促进SPF鼠尽早用于科研。[方法 ]重点分析了境外环节SPF小鼠/大鼠的饲养设施、饲养管理、卫生控制、病原检测、官方监管及运输条件,研究了SPF鼠进境后的运输车辆、隔离设施、地方监管要求及历年进口发生问题的几率,比较了11个国家进口SPF鼠的隔离检疫政策。[结果 ]进口SPF鼠传入相关疫病的风险低、进境后暴露发生疫病的风险低,相关国家官方不进行强制隔离检疫。[结论 ]考虑到我国目前对活动物的隔离检疫政策和生命科学领域特殊需求,综合《进境动物检疫疫病名录》相关鼠病和国标《实验动物微生物学等级及监测》相关检测要求,建议在符合相应要求的条件下,调整进境SPF鼠隔离期为14天。     

鱼类病毒性出血性败血症病毒诊断胶体金免疫层析方法的建立

为建立一种快速检测鱼类病毒性出血性败血症病毒(Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus,VHSV)的胶体金免疫层析方法(GICA),采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,以标记纯化的VHSV G蛋白单克隆抗体(MAb)10A7为捕捉抗体,将纯化的抗VHSV N蛋白的MAb 10EN单克隆抗体和羊抗鼠IgG抗体包被在硝酸纤维素膜上,作为检测带与质控带,经试验条件优化,组装形成胶体金免疫层析试纸条。用本试验研制的胶体金试纸条检测VHSV感染的CHSE细胞培养物。结果显示:在检测线和质控线均呈现红色条带,而健康的CHSE细胞培养物对照仅在质控线呈现红色条带;试纸条检出病毒培养物的病毒量最低限为10~(4.0) TCID_(50);随机挑取3个不同批次的试纸条,对阳性样品和阴性样品进行重复试验,未发现差异。特异性试验表明,该试纸条与传染性造血器官坏死病毒(IHNV)、传染性胰坏死病毒(IPNV)、鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)、牙鲆弹状病毒(HRV)、草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)无交叉反应。将同一批次的试纸条在4℃条件下保存不同时间后进行检测,发现保存6个月的试纸条仍具有良好的稳定性。本试验研发的胶体金诊断试纸条具有良好的特异性、灵敏性和重复性,在快速辅助检测方面具有推广应用价值。     

Experts' Perceptions on China's Capacity to Manage Emerging and Re‐emerging Zoonotic Diseases in an Era of Climate Change

Zoonotic diseases transmitted by arthropods and rodents are a major public health concern in China. However, interventions in recent decades have helped lower the incidence of several diseases despite the country's large, frequently mobile population and socio‐economic challenges. Increasing globalization, rapid urbanization and a warming climate now add to the complexity of disease control and prevention and could challenge China's capacity to respond to threats of emerging and re‐emerging zoonoses. To investigate this notion, face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 30 infectious disease experts in four cities in China. The case study diseases under discussion were malaria, dengue fever and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, all of which may be influenced by changing meteorological conditions. Data were analysed using standard qualitative techniques. The study participants viewed the current disease prevention and control system favourably and were optimistic about China's capacity to manage climate‐sensitive diseases in the future. Several recommendations emerged from the data including the need to improve health literacy in the population regarding the transmission of infectious diseases and raising awareness of the health impacts of climate change amongst policymakers and health professionals. Participants thought that research capacity could be strengthened and human resources issues for front‐line staff should be addressed. It was considered important that authorities are well prepared in advance for outbreaks such as dengue fever in populous subtropical areas, and a prompt and coordinated response is required when outbreaks occur. Furthermore, health professionals need to remain skilled in the identification of diseases for which incidence is declining, so that re‐emerging or emerging trends can be rapidly identified. Recommendations such as these may be useful in formulating adaptation plans and capacity building for the future control and prevention of climate‐sensitive zoonotic diseases in China and neighbouring countries.     

The Epidemiology and Characteristics of Q fever and Co‐infections with Scrub Typhus,Murine Typhus or Leptospirosis in Taiwan: A Nationwide Database Study

Q fever (QF) is a worldwide zoonosis associated with outbreaks. Only a few nationwide studies regarding the surveillance and epidemiology of human QF have been reported. Although QF is endemic in Taiwan, a nationwide database investigation of the epidemiology and characteristics of QF and its associations with scrub typhus (ST), murine typhus (MT) and leptospirosis (LS) has never been reported. We analysed nationwide databases of suspected QF, ST, MT and LS cases from October 2007 to December 2014 obtained from the Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan. A total of 468 (4.2%) QF cases were identified among 11 109 suspected QF cases. QF cases were mainly distributed in the southern and Kaohsiung–Pingtung regions but rarely in the eastern region. Compared to non‐QF cases, QF cases had significantly higher percentages of males (88.7 versus 66.2%) and high‐risk occupations (farming, animal husbandry or veterinary medicine) (16.2 versus 10.5%). But the percentages of specific animal contact, including cattle (0.6 versus 0.8%) and goats (0.9 versus 1.0%), were low in both. The majority of suspected QF cases (89.4%) were simultaneously suspected with ST, MT or LS, and the combinations of suspected diseases differed between regions. The number of suspected QF cases from the eastern region decreased since 2009, which was not observed in other regions. A total of 1420 (12.8%) cases had confirmed diseases, including QF (453, 4.1%), QF+ST (7, 0.06%), QF+MT (4, 0.04%), QF+LS (4, 0.04%), MT (186, 1.7%), ST (545, 4.9%), ST+LS (11, 0.1%) and LS (210, 1.9%). Compared to cases of unknown disease, QF cases had larger percentages of high‐risk occupations (16.2 versus 9.6%) but similar histories of animal contact (29.8 versus 25.1%). QF is an endemic disease in southern Taiwan. It is difficult to differentiate QF from ST, MT or LS only by high‐risk occupations and history of animal contact, and co‐infection of QF with these diseases should be considered.     

基于改进Graph Cut算法的生猪图像分割方法

生猪图像分割为生猪行为特征提取、参数测量、图像分析、模式识别等提供易于理解和分析的图像表示,准确有效的生猪图像分割是生猪行为理解和分析的基础.针对传统Graph Cut算法分割精度差、分割效率低及不能准确分割特定目标的问题,该文结合交互分水岭算法,提出基于改进Graph Cut算法的生猪图像分割方法.采用交互分水岭算法对图像进行区域划分,划分的各个区域块看作超像素,用超像素替代传统加权图中的像素点,构造新的网络图替代传统加权图,重新构造能量函数以完成前景背景的有效分割.试验结果表明:该方法峰值信噪比平均范围为[30,40],结构相似度平均范围为[0.9,1],两种评价准则的结果与主观评价一致,图像分割质量、精度得到明显提升;平均耗时缩短到传统GraphCut算法的33.7％,提高了分割效率;在复杂背景、噪声干扰、光照强度弱等条件下可以快速分割出特定目标生猪,具有较高鲁棒性.     

差速水稻钵苗Z字形宽窄行移栽机构设计

针对水稻钵苗宽窄行Z字形移栽农艺要求,提出了一种差速式水稻钵苗Z字形宽窄行移栽机构,利用差速轮系的不等速传动和空间传动,以空间轨迹实现水稻钵苗Z字形宽窄行移栽.将非均匀B样条曲线理论应用于非圆齿轮节曲线的拟合,并采用坐标变换方法建立了机构齿轮箱轮系的数学模型.将水稻钵苗Z字形宽窄行移栽的轨迹和姿态要求参数化为9个具体的运动学优化目标,编写了基于机构数学模型的可视化参数优化界面,利用该软件界面分析了传动箱非圆齿轮节曲线和齿轮箱非圆齿轮节曲线对轨迹形状的影响,以及斜齿轮螺旋角和取秧夹片长度与轨迹偏移量的关系.通过优化得到取秧段偏移量为3.9mm,取秧段轨迹有效长度为45.6mm,移栽机构离地高度为32.6mm,夹片离从动非圆齿轮牙嵌轴距离6.7mm的大环扣式移栽轨迹.完成了移栽机构的虚拟仿真与样机试制,利用自制试验台架、工业相机和图像处理软件对机构移栽臂运动轨迹和姿态进了分析,结果与理论数据吻合,验证了移栽机构方案的可行性和结构的合理性.